By Sasha Alex Lessin, Ph.D. (Anthropology, U.C.L.A.) 1964–1978 — KHOMEINI FORCED INTO EXILE In November 1964, Mohammad Shah expelled Islamic cleric Ayatollah Khomeini from Iran after openly opposing the Shah’s Western-aligned reforms and authority. Khomeini moved to Iraq and built an ideological network from there. He shaped the doctrine that would replace the monarchy. The …








